{"id":436,"date":"2022-05-29T19:49:14","date_gmt":"2022-05-29T16:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wwwdev-exhibitions-nlg-gr.sociality.gr\/exhibition_page\/evgenios-voulgaris\/"},"modified":"2022-08-26T10:23:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-26T07:23:47","slug":"eugenios-voulgaris","status":"publish","type":"exhibition_page","link":"https:\/\/wwwdev-exhibitions-nlg-gr.sociality.gr\/en\/exhibition_page\/eugenios-voulgaris\/","title":{"rendered":"Eugenios Voulgaris"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Tolerance, which the Latin call Tolerantiam, and we might accurately name Anexithriskia, is nothing but the clement and gentle disposition of a pious soul [\u2026]\n

Eugenios Voulgaris<\/p>\n\t\t\tEugenios Voulgaris<\/span><\/span> was born in 1716 in Corfu, as Eleftherios Voulgaris.\u00a0From his schooling in Philosophy, we have his \t\t\tautograph student notebook<\/span><\/span>, dating from 1731, which contains the introduction by Georgios Sougdouris to Aristotle\u2019s Logic.<\/p>\n

Throughout his teachings in various schools such as the Maroutsaia School in Ioannina, the School of Kozani, the Athonias Academy and the Patriarchal School of Constantinople, Voulgaris attempted to introduce the principles of modern Philosophy to his educational programme.\u00a0 In 1740-1750, he compiled an epitome of the work \t\t\tAn Essay concerning human understanding<\/i><\/span><\/span> by John Locke, titled \t\t\t\u00ab\u1f59\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f22 \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f0c\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03c9\u03ba\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb <\/span><\/span> [Philosophical memoire on the human understanding based on Englishman Locke]. It was never published and remains a manuscript in the National Library of Greece. An English-language epitome of the work Essay<\/i> by Locke was translated and published anonymously in Venice in 1796 by friar Ioannis Litinos from Zante, titled \t\t\t\u1f18\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf-\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd<\/i><\/span><\/span> [Metaphysical-dialectical handbook]. His \t\t\t\u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74<\/i><\/span><\/span> [Logic] was the basic textbook of Philosophy used by Voulgaris. It was printed in 1766 during his stay in Leipzig\u00a0\u00a0 and contains references to the works by Locke and Voltaire, among others.<\/p>\n

In 1768, Voulgaris published his translation of the work \t\t\tEssai historique et critique sur les dissensions des \u00e9glises de Pologne<\/i><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 by Voltaire\u00a0 titled \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd <\/i><\/b>[Historical and critical essay concerning disunity in the Church of Poland]. <\/i>The same publication includes the essay \t\t\t\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/b>[Design for religious tolerance, or The tolerance of heteroreligious people], where he introduced the neologism \u201canexithriskia\u201d. This work is also saved in manuscript form, though with a small yet significant difference in the title: \t\t\t\u00ab\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f24\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f11\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb<\/span><\/span> <\/b>[Design for religious tolerance, or The fair tolerance of heteroreligious people].<\/p>\n

Yet, there was also criticism of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Among the later writings by Voulgaris, one of his \t\t\tletters<\/span><\/span>,<\/b>\u00a0 dating from 1790, includes the following: \u201ca Voltaire, a Rousseau [\u2026] among the great and disrespected names\u201d. Furthermore, the work \t\t\t\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1<\/i><\/span><\/span> [Christian Apology] , published anonymously in Constantinople in 1798, attributed to Athanasios Parios, includes an attack against Voltaire, among others, as \u201cdespicable, foul, godless, lunatic, reviled, accursed [\u2026]\u201d.
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